Spiral Worlds Timeline – 13.8 billion years ago – Today

Myth-History from Before Creation to the Campaign Present

The Spiral Worlds Timeline is the master history gateway for the setting: a mythic Earth where gods, titans, spirits, monsters, lost continents, mortal kingdoms, plague, empire, magic, and ancient law all belong to one long history.

This is not a normal historical chronology. In this world, myth is not merely a story told after the fact. Myths are memories of real events, sometimes preserved clearly, sometimes distorted by poetry, priesthood, conquest, fear, propaganda, or the erosion of time. A monster remembered in legend may have walked the earth. A god’s quarrel may have reshaped a coastline. A buried city may still answer to an oath sworn before human kingdoms existed.

The purpose of this timeline is to show how the world reached its late medieval campaign present. It also gives Games Masters a way to begin campaigns almost anywhere on Earth without treating each region as isolated. Britain, Ireland, the Mediterranean, Africa, Asia, the Americas, the polar lands, the oceans, the planes, and the older hidden worlds all belong to the same myth-history.

Read this page as a gateway rather than a single flat list. Each major age has its own identity: cosmic creation, titan war, elder beasts, fey crossings, first peoples, lost empires, divine intervention, monstrous dominion, plague, imperial collapse, and the rise of late medieval powers. The individual age and regional pages expand these sections with gods, monsters, races, NPCs, disasters, wars, relics, sacred laws, ruins, and campaign hooks.

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Campaign Present: 1454 CE

The default campaign present is the late medieval world around 1454 CE, just after the great convulsions of the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. The Black Death has scarred kingdoms, ports, farms, temples, guilds, families, roads, and burial grounds. The Red Death, a rarer and more dreadful sister-shadow of plague, has left some places with failed burials, corpse hazards, restless dead, and unresolved sacred law. The Hundred Years’ War has changed western Europe. Constantinople has fallen. Gunpowder weapons, cannon, mercenary companies, oceanic ventures, witch prosecutions, old feuds, and new dynasties are reshaping the world.

This is not the modern world waiting to happen. It is a dangerous mythic present. Gods still matter. Spirits still claim rivers, mountains, houses, graves, roads, forests, storms, herds, and bloodlines. Monsters are not always outside society, and society is not always innocent. Law varies by realm, temple, oath, guild, clan, empire, household, spirit, and plane.

A campaign may begin in a European war zone, an African trading city, a Japanese mountain shrine, a steppe frontier, a Norse fjord, an island kingdom, a desert caravan road, a Mesoamerican sacred city, a hidden Hollow Earth passage, or a haunted village still counting its plague dead. Wherever the party begins, the present is never empty. Older ages press upward through ruins, relics, bloodlines, monster claims, sacred debts, and forgotten laws.

The campaign present is the point where all earlier history becomes playable. Ancient relics surface. Old races remember treaties humans have forgotten. Dead empires leave roads, curses, coins, titles, and legal claims. Divine histories become local disputes. A sandbox can begin almost anywhere because almost everywhere has inherited something older than itself.

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How to Use This Timeline

Use this page as the master entrance into world history. Start with the campaign present if you want immediate play. Start with the ancient ages if you are building deep lore, divine history, monster origins, lost races, or the source of a relic, curse, dungeon, prophecy, or bloodline.

Each major age should eventually lead to its own page. Those age pages do more than repeat real-world history. They explain what changed in the world, what powers rose or fell, what gods or spirits shaped events, and what remains useful for play in 1454 CE.

For Games Masters

Begin with a region, then ask what older age still presses on it. A late medieval village may be built over a titan grave. A port may owe its wealth to a sea god’s bargain. A royal line may descend from an elf, giant, dragon, hero, monster, or oath-breaker. A battlefield may still answer to the dead. A forest may belong to a people who were never properly conquered. A plague pit may be a legal problem as much as a horror site.

For Players

This timeline explains why the world is full of old claims. Your character does not live in a blank fantasy kingdom. They live in a world where ancestry, law, religion, monster territory, class, trade, travel, magic, and violence all have history behind them.

For Lore Building

Use the early ages to decide where gods, monsters, races, magic, and ancient laws first became active. Use the regional histories to decide how those forces survive into the late medieval world. Use the campaign present to turn old history into choices, danger, treasure, enemies, obligations, and adventure.

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Master Age Gateway

The ages below form the working structure of Spiral Worlds myth-history. Some already exist as sections or linked pages; others can be expanded into full age pages as the timeline grows.

Before Time and the Birth of Reality

Before mortal history, before the stable planes, and before Earth, reality passes through impossible states: the last echoes of previous universes, the void between worlds, the first collision of cosmic principles, the birth of law, and the emergence of elder powers. These ages explain why the universe has magic, planes, fate, death, entropy, divine law, and things that predate the gods.

• Time before Time: the state before ordered reality, where nothing exists in a form mortals can safely understand.
• The Last Universe: the dying echo of the world before this one, source of impossible remnants and elder memory.
• The Void Between Universes: the gulf where law, time, shape, and identity fail.
• The Birth of the Cosmos: the first stable ordering of reality.
• The Forging of Cosmic Law: the making of limits, death, oath, consequence, and the structures that later powers must obey or break.
• The First Elder Gods: powers older than mortal worship, some withdrawn, some sleeping, some hostile to the younger order.

Titans, Outsiders, and the Shaping of the Planes

These ages belong to titans, elder gods, abominations, outsiders, primal elementals, infernal powers, celestial orders, fey realms, and the early structure of the multiverse. They explain why the planes are not neutral scenery but active sources of law, temptation, invasion, exile, judgement, corruption, and wonder.

• The War of the Titans: the first great struggle over who has the right to shape the world.
• The Sundering: a breaking of old unity into realms, planes, prisons, borders, and exiles.
• Reality’s Reckoning: the age when broken laws, divine crimes, and cosmic debts begin to demand answer.
• The Rise of Outsiders: the emergence of planar powers whose laws do not always match mortal morality.
• The Great Retreat of the Elder Gods: the withdrawal, imprisonment, slumber, or transformation of older powers.
• The Fortification of the Planes: the hardening of boundaries between mortal world, heavens, hells, fey realms, elemental dominions, and stranger places.

Deep Earth and the Age of Elder Beasts

Earth forms within an already magical cosmos. Oceans, continents, storms, forests, reefs, underworlds, primal spirits, giant beasts, and stranger life emerge. These ages are the root of lost-world regions, ancient monsters, Hollow Earth passages, elder reptiles, giant insects, sea horrors, primal spirits, and places where natural history and mythic memory are the same thing.

• The Earth Forms: the world takes shape, but it is not yet the human world.
• The First Seas: the oceans become homes for ancient life, sea spirits, drowned powers, and things older than land kingdoms.
• The Age of Awakening: life stirs with more than natural hunger; instinct, spirit, and monstrous form begin to separate.
• The Age of Giants: enormous beasts, elder reptiles, titanic bodies, and giant-blooded things dominate the land.
• The Flowering World: forests, reefs, insects, birds, beasts, and spirits multiply into a living world of abundance and danger.
• The Ashen Dawn: fire, ash, extinction, divine punishment, or cosmic accident ends older dominions and opens space for new powers.
• The Age of Verdant Rapture: the green world reaches mythic intensity; fey boundaries weaken, old forests become powers, and living places remember.

The First Peoples, Fey Crossings, and Lost Civilisations

In these ages, mortal and near-mortal peoples begin to shape the world. They do not all arise in the same way. Some are born from earth, blood, divine craft, fey crossing, titan remnant, elder beast stock, underworld ancestry, curse, oath, or planar alteration. Elves, dwarves, giants, serpentfolk, goblinoids, underworld peoples, and other races enter history at different points rather than through one simple origin.

• The Shattered Crown: the collapse of an early authority whose fragments survive as crowns, bloodlines, relics, curses, and rival claims.
• The Dawning Age: the first peoples become historically active, forming kin-groups, sacred places, roads, graves, and law.
• The Thawing: ice, sleep, exile, or divine restraint loosens, allowing hidden peoples and sealed powers to return.
• The Rooting: peoples bind themselves to particular lands, mountains, forests, rivers, islands, roads, and underworlds.
• The Blooming Cities: the first great centres of craft, magic, trade, temple power, and political memory rise.
• The Breaking Paths: migration, exile, war, curse, exploration, and planar contact scatter peoples across the world.

Kingdoms, Empires, Divine Wars, and Monster Ages

These ages trace the rise of organised kingdoms, sacred kingship, empire, war, divine patronage, monster dominions, heroic cycles, law codes, trade routes, great cities, and disasters that still define the campaign present. This is where many famous myths, legendary wars, monster-slayings, divine punishments, royal bloodlines, and ancient wrongs enter world history.

• The Rise of Kingdoms: mortal authority becomes larger, more formal, and more dangerous.
• The Wars of Dominion: gods, monsters, kings, titans, outsiders, and mortal rulers contest who may rule land, sea, road, sky, and underworld.
• The Shattered Mantles: divine and royal authorities break, leaving successor cults, rebel kingdoms, cursed offices, and contested inheritances.
• The Age of Heroic Kings: legendary rulers, champions, monster-slayers, oath-breakers, and founders shape the memory of later peoples.
• The Age of Great Cities: trade, writing, priesthood, siegecraft, law, coinage, roads, and urban magic change the scale of power.
• The Age of Monster Thrones: dragons, giants, serpentfolk, undead lords, demon-bound tyrants, beast-kings, and other nonhuman powers rule openly or through tribute.

Classical, Post-Classical, and Regional Histories

As records strengthen, history becomes more regional but not less mythic. Greece, Rome, Persia, India, China, Africa, the Americas, the steppe, the islands, the northern worlds, and the deep south all develop their own sacred histories, monster problems, dynasties, wars, magical traditions, and contacts with older powers.

• European Histories: kingdoms, empires, gods, monsters, invasions, plague, witch law, dynastic war, and sacred geography.
• African Histories: river kingdoms, desert roads, coastal trade, spirit law, ancient beasts, divine kingship, plague memory, and hidden powers.
• Asian Histories: imperial courts, mountain spirits, steppe powers, sacred islands, monsters, dynasties, ancestor law, and war.
• North American Histories: sacred landscapes, spirit nations, monster territories, mound cultures, old roads, beast powers, and sky or underworld claims.
• South American Histories: mountain realms, jungle powers, ancestor cities, divine roads, serpent waters, giant beasts, and hidden empires.
• Oceanic Histories: island voyages, sea spirits, ancestor navigation, reef law, monsters of depth and storm, and world-spanning routes.
• Antarctica and the Hidden South: polar ruins, ancient ice, hollow passages, lost-world survivals, and powers outside ordinary kingdoms.

The Late Medieval World

The late medieval period is the living world of the campaign. War, plague, witch prosecutions, gunpowder, trade expansion, dynastic crisis, undead outbreaks, planar interference, old monster law, divine silence, sacred vengeance, and rising mortal ambition all collide. The world is old, but it is not finished.

• The Black Death: plague leaves abandoned farms, broken guilds, empty houses, disputed inheritances, mass graves, labour unrest, and haunted memory.
• The Red Death: a rarer plague-shadow causes failed death, corpse hazards, undead complications, broken burial law, and sacred crisis.
• The Hundred Years’ War: dynastic claim, longbow, cannon, mercenary violence, famine, plague, and royal collapse reshape western Europe.
• The Fall of Constantinople: an imperial and spiritual shock that changes trade, war, scholarship, prophecy, and the balance of eastern power.
• Gunpowder and Cannon: fortresses, kings, mercenaries, city walls, ships, and battlefield courage all begin to change.
• Witch Prosecutions and Magical Law: fear of magic becomes law, politics, sacred judgement, village panic, opportunism, and genuine supernatural danger.
• Regional Campaign Starts: every region carries older history into the campaign present, from tower villages and plague towns to ports, temples, forests, deserts, courts, islands, and hidden valleys.

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Regional History Gateways

The master timeline does not need to carry every regional detail on one page. Each region can have its own history gateway showing how local myth, real geography, gods, monsters, peoples, wars, trade, law, and plague connect to the campaign present.

• Europe: war, plague, feudal law, witch courts, old gods, monster borders, city leagues, castles, forests, and dynastic crisis.
• Africa: river kingdoms, desert empires, coastal trade, sacred kingship, spirit law, elephant roads, ancient ruins, and hidden powers.
• Asia: imperial courts, mountain shrines, steppe empires, sacred islands, dragons, ancestor law, trade routes, and war.
• The Americas: sacred landscapes, spirit powers, mound cities, jungle roads, mountain empires, monster territories, and sky or underworld claims.
• Oceania: island navigation, reef law, ancestral routes, sea monsters, storm spirits, and old voyaging traditions.
• Polar and Hidden Worlds: Antarctica, Hollow Earth, lost valleys, deep ice, primal survivals, and places outside ordinary maps.

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What Survives into 1454 CE?

Every major age leaves something playable behind. The past is not gone; it survives as pressure.

• Ruins: fallen cities, drowned courts, titan graves, old roads, broken temples, sealed libraries, and monster fortresses.
• Relics: crowns, weapons, keys, tablets, bones, ships, idols, bells, books, masks, banners, and cursed heirlooms.
• Bloodlines: families descended from gods, monsters, giants, elves, dragons, heroes, traitors, witches, kings, or oath-breakers.
• Laws: old treaties, sacred debts, monster boundaries, temple rights, burial duties, royal claims, guild privileges, and planar contracts.
• Monsters: creatures that survive from elder ages, return after being sealed, or become active when old laws fail.
• Gods and Spirits: powers still tied to rivers, mountains, houses, roads, cities, forests, graves, storms, herds, and bloodlines.
• Plague Memory: empty villages, mass graves, Red Death sites, corpse hazards, inheritance disputes, labour unrest, and haunted roads.
• Conflicts: wars, feuds, invasions, rebellions, succession crises, monster claims, and divine punishments that have not ended cleanly.

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Explore the Timeline by Theme

The timeline connects to the rest of the setting. A date is useful when it leads to a place, power, creature, relic, law, faction, or adventure.

• Gods and Pantheons: divine powers active in each age or region.
• Monsters: creatures that originate, dominate, migrate, awaken, or become feared in each age.
• Races and Peoples: when each people becomes historically active in the world.
• NPCs: legendary figures, rulers, heroes, villains, prophets, witches, monsters, war leaders, and law-breakers tied to each period.
• Regions: local histories and campaign-start zones.
• Planes: places where planar law, invasion, exile, punishment, or blessing alters mortal history.
• Magic: major changes in spellcraft, sacred law, forbidden magic, magical persecution, relics, and schools of power.
• Equipment and Warfare: weapons, armour, siegecraft, ships, firearms, trade goods, tools, animals, and survival gear appropriate to each era.

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Later Echoes Beyond the Default Campaign Present

Events after 1454 CE can still matter as prophecy, possible futures, alternate campaigns, historical source material, or later regional pages. They should not dominate the master timeline, because the default campaign present remains the late medieval world around 1454 CE.

Later material such as the Wars of the Roses, Renaissance courts, early modern witch trials, great fires, colonial expansion, scientific revolutions, and seventeenth-century persecutions belongs best in supporting pages or clearly marked later-echo sections. These events are useful, but they should not pull the main timeline away from the campaign present.

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How Each Age Is Organised

Each major age is strongest when it has a clear identity and a clear consequence. The same pattern can be used across the timeline, from cosmic ages to regional histories.

• Overview: what this age is and why it matters.
• Time Frame: when the age takes place, using mythic or approximate dating where exact dates are impossible.
• What Changed: the central transformation of the age.
• Major Powers: gods, titans, spirits, outsiders, kingdoms, empires, races, monsters, cults, or hidden forces active during the age.
• Key Events: the major turning points of the age.
• Regional Impact: how the age changed different parts of the world.
• Surviving Remains: ruins, relics, bloodlines, curses, laws, sacred places, monsters, or traditions still present in 1454 CE.
• Campaign Use: how the age becomes adventures, factions, mysteries, dungeons, NPCs, or sandbox pressure.

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Keeping the Timeline Useful

The timeline should never become a generic world-history list. Real history matters, but this is a mythic campaign world. Every major entry should answer at least one useful question:

• What changed in the world?
• Who gained or lost power?
• What divine, monstrous, magical, political, or legal consequence followed?
• What remains visible in 1454 CE?
• How can this become an adventure, faction, relic, ruin, monster, law, curse, or campaign start?

If an event does not affect play, place, myth, law, power, monsters, gods, races, magic, or the campaign present, it belongs on a supporting regional page rather than the master timeline hub.

Common Era – CE

100- End of 1st century – codex replaces the scroll.

Early Post-Classical history – EPC (500 – 999 CE)

Middle post-classical history – MPC (1000 – 1299 CE)

Late Post-classical history (MPC (1300 – 1453 – present CE)

• 1300-30 Beginning of the witch trials in Europe.
• 1307 – Tatars pillaged the Ryazan principality.
• 1315 – Tatars pillaged Torzhok in the Novgorod principality as well as Rostov
• 1317 – Tatars devastated the Tver principality
• 1318 – Tatars sacked Kostroma and Rostov
• 1315 – Louis X, king of France, publishes a decree proclaiming that “France” signifies freedom and that any slave setting foot on the French ground should be freed
• 1320 – Pope John XXII authorized the Inquisition to began persecuting sorcery and witchcraft.
• 1321 — death of Dante Alighieri
• 1322 – Tatars devastated Yaroslavl
• 1324 – 1325 Lady Alice Kyteler, her son and associates in Kilkenny, Ireland, were tried for witchcraft. For the first time, stories of mating with demons were
  linked with stories of pacts with Satan. Lady Alice escaped to England, but others were burned.
• 1327 – The Golden Horde organised a punitive expedition to the Tver principality
• 1334 – Large-scale witch trial in Toulouse, France, in which 63 persons were accused. Of these, eight were handed over to the state to be burned and the rest were imprisoned.
• 1335 – Sweden (including Finland at the time) makes slavery illegal.
• 1337 to 1453 The Hundred Years’ War. England and France struggle for dominance of Western Europe.

1337, November	Battle of Cadsand: initiates hostilities. The Flemish defenders of the island were thrown into disorder by the first use of the English longbow on Continental soil.
1340, June 24	Battle of Sluys: Edward III destroys the Franco-Genoese fleet of Philip VI of France off the coast of Flanders ensuring England will not be invaded and that the majority of the war will be fought in France.
1345, October 21	Battle of Auberoche: a longbow victory by Henry, Earl of Derby against a French army at Auberoche in Gascony.
1346, August 26	Battle of Crécy: English longbowmen soundly defeat French cavalry near the river Somme in Picardy. The dead included King John of Bohemia, Duke of Lorraine, the Count of Flanders, the Count of Alençon, the Count of Blois, the Viscount Rohan, the Lord of Laval, the Lord of Chateaubriant, the Lord of Dinan, the Lord of Redon, 1,542 knights, 2,300 Genoese and 10,000 infantry.
1346, September 4–1347, August 3	Siege of Calais: Calais falls under English control.
1350, August 29	Les Espagnols sur Mer: English fleet defeats Castilian fleet in a close fight.
1351, March 26	Combat of the Thirty: Thirty Breton knights from Chateau Josselin under Beaumanoir call out and defeat thirty English and pro-English Breton knights under Pembroke and Sir Robert Bramborough, Bramborough was killed.
1351	French army under De Nesle defeated by English under Bentley at Mauron in Brittany, De Nesle killed.
1356, September 19	Battle of Poitiers: Edward the Black Prince captures King John II of France, France plunged into chaos. Casualties on the French side were 2,500 killed or wounded, 2,000 captured, John II, 17 lords, 13 counts, 5 viscounts and over 100 knights.
1364, September 29	Battle of Auray: End of Breton War of Succession. Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany was killed; the Count of Auxerre and Bertrand Du Guesclin were captured.
1367, April 3	Battle of Nájera: the Black Prince defeats a Castilian/French army at Nájera in Castile.
1370, December 3	Battle of Pontvallain: Bertrand du Guesclin routs an English raiding army, ending the English reputation for invincibility in open battle.
1372, June 22	Battle of La Rochelle: Castilian-French fleet defeats the English fleet, leading to loss of dominance at sea and French piracy and coastal raids. John of Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, was captured along with 400 knights and 8,000 soldiers.
1374-1380	Castilian fleet commanded by Fernando Sánchez de Tovar sacks and burns English Channel ports, and Gravesend on the Thames.
1385	Battle of Aljubarrota: Nuno Álvares Pereira, commanding a small Portuguese-English army, defeats the Castilian-French forces in Portugal.
1385	Jean de Vienne, having successfully strengthened the French naval situation, lands an army in Scotland, but is forced to retreat.
1415, October 25	Battle of Agincourt: English longbowmen under Henry V defeat the French under Charles d’Albret. Captured French nobles included Marshal of France Jean Le Maingre, Charles, Duke of Orléans, John I, Duke of Bourbon and Louis, Count of Vendôme. Killed on the French side were Antoine of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant and Limburg, Philip of Burgundy, Count of Nevers and Rethel, Charles I d’Albret, Count of Dreux, the Constable of France; John II, Count of Bethune, John I, Duke of Alençon, Frederick of Lorraine, Count of Vaudemont, Robert, Count of Marles and Soissons, Edward III of Bar (the Duchy of Bar lost its independence as a consequence of his death) and John VI, Count of Roucy, Jean I de Croÿ and two of his sons, Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, Jan I van Brederode, George Edward Stewart III, and the (Scottish) Lord of Shetland. Other noble prisoners totalling about 1,500 were taken. Overall, between 7,000 and 10,000 French were killed. On the English side, Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York and Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk were killed, among at least 112 dead and an unknown number of wounded.
1416	English defeat numerically greater French army at Valmont near Harfleur.
1417	English naval victory in the River Seine under Bedford.
1418, July 31–1419, January 19	Siege of Rouen: Henry V of England gains a foothold in Normandy.
1419	Battle of La Rochelle: Franco-Castilian fleet defeats Anglo-Hanseatic fleet.
1421, March 22	Battle of Bauge: The French and Scottish forces of Charles VII, commanded by the Earl of Buchan, defeat an outmanoeuvred English force commanded by the Duke of Clarence. English nobles captured included John Beaufort, 3rd Earl of Somerset, Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche, John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter and Lord Fitz Walter. Killed were Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, John Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville, John de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros and Sir Gilbert de Umfraville.
1423, July 31	Battle of Cravant: The Franco-Scottish army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. On the French/Scottish side, 6,000 were killed and 2,000 captured, including John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan and Louis, Count of Vendôme.
1424, August 17	Battle of Vernuil: The Franco-Scottish forces are decisively defeated, losing 4,000 dead, including John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan and Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas
1426, March 6	French besieging army under Arthur de Richemont dispersed by a small force under Sir Thomas Rempstone in “The Rout of St James” in Brittany.
1428, October 12–1429, May 8	Siege of Orléans: English forces commanded by the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, and Talbot (Earl of Shrewsbury) lay siege to Orleans, and are forced to withdraw after a relief army accompanied by Joan of Arc arrives at the city.
1429, February 12	Battle of the Herrings: English force under Sir John Fastolf defeats French and Scottish armies.
1429, July 17	Battle of Patay: In a reverse of Agincourt/Crécy, a French army under La Hire, Richemont, Joan of Arc, and other commanders break through English archers under Lord Talbot and then pursue and mop up the other sections of the English army, killing or capturing about half (2,200) of their troops. John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and Walter, Lord Hungerford are captured.
1429	Joan of Arc ends the Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the Hundred Years’ War
1431	Trial of Joan of Arc took place and included allegations of witchcraft.
1435	Battle of Gerbevoy: La Hire defeats an English force under Arundel.
1435	French forces take Paris.
1450, April 15	Battle of Formigny: A French force under the Comte de Clermont defeats an English force under Thomas Kyriell.
1451	French forces conquer Gascony.
1453, July 17	Battle of Castillon: Jean Bureau defeats Talbot to end the Hundred Years’ War. This was also the first battle in European history where the use of cannon was a major factor in determining the outcome. John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury was killed in battle.

1347 The Black Death ravages Europe for the first of many times. An estimated 20% – 40% of the population is thought to have perished within the first year.

• 1347 – The University of Prague is founded.
• 1358, 1365, 1373 Tatars sacked the Ryazan principality
• 1361 – The fall of the Yuan Dynasty. Its remnants, known as Northern Yuan, continued to rule Orcia. The breakup of the Orc Empire, which marked the end of Pax Orcica.
• 1374 – Pope Gregory XI declares that all magic is done with the aid of Devils and Demons and thus is open to prosecution for heresy.
• 1375 – Tatars attacked the southeastern suburb of Nizhniy Novgorod
• 1377 – and 1378 Tatars attacked the Nizhniy Novgorod and Ryazan principalities
• 1380 – Dr Johann Georg Faust
• 1380 – Dmitri Donskoi defeated Tatars at Battle of Kulikovo
• 1381- Peasants’ Revolt in England.
• 1382 – Khan Tokhtamysh burns down Moscow, tens of thousands of its citizens died
• 1391 – Tatars attacked Vyatka
• 1398 – The theology faculty at the University of Paris declared that all forms of magic or divination involved some sort of pact with the devil and were thus heresy, justifying the persecution of every possible sort of witchcraft.
• 1399 – Tatars attacked Nizhniy Novgorod
• 1400 – Peter de Gruyères, a secular judge, carries out large-scale witch trials in Bern, Switzerland.
• 1403: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
• 1408 Tatars sacked Serpukhov, as well as the vicinities of Moscow, Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Yuriev, Dmitrov, Nizhni Novgorod and Galich
• 1410 Tatars ruined Vladimir
• 1410: The Battle of Grunwald was the decisive battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights.
• 1415 Tatars devastated Elets
• 1420: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing.
• 1425: Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by Pope Martin V.
• 1428 Witch trials of Brianqon took place in the Dauphine. About 167 local people were burned as witches between 1428 and 1450.
• 1429 – Tatars looted the vicinities of Galich and Kostroma
• 1431 – January 1– August 1503 Pope Alexander VI (Roderic Borgia)
• 1435-50 Number of witch trails rises sharply.
• 1439 – Printing press
• 1439 – Tatar incursions into the vicinities of Moscow and Kolomna
• 1440 – Notorious trial of Gilles de Rais, who was accused of witchcraft and debaucheries.
• 1441- Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish the European slave trade with a shipment of African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal.
• 1443 – Tatars looted the outskirts of Ryazan, but were repelled from the city proper
• 1445 – Tatars attacked Nizhni Novgorod and Suzdal
• 1449, 1451, 1455, 1459 Tatars looted the outskirts of Moscow
• 1450s: Machu Picchu constructed.

Present Day

1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Growth of the Ottoman Empire.

1455–1485: Wars of the Roses – English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.

1456 – 1462 Reign of Vlad Tepes of Wallachia. his brutality as a ruler inspires the legend of Dracula

1467–1615:
The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan.

1468
Tatars looted the vicinities of Galich

1470
March 12 – Wars of the Roses – Battle of Lose-coat Field: The House
of York defeats the House of Lancaster.

October
– A rebellion orchestrated by King Edward’s former ally, the Earl of
Warwick, forces the King to flee England to seek support from his brother-in-law
Charles the Bold of Burgundy.

October
30 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower and restores
him to the throne.

1472
Leonardo da Vinci is listed as a master in Florence’s “Company of Artists”.

1472 – Tatars plundered Aleksin

1473 – February 19– 24 May 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus

1475 – September 13 – 12 March 1507 Cesare Borgia

1480 – April 18 – 24 June 1519 Lucrezia Borgia

1480 – The Great stand on the Ugra river marks the end of the Tatar-Orc yoke in Russia

1481: Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first auto-da-fé.

1484 – Pope Innocent VIII publishes the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus (“Desiring with the Greatest Ardor”) condemning witchcraft as the worst of all possible heresies. The bull also officially grants Heinrich Krämer and James Sprenger, Dominican inquisitors, the right to prosecute persons of any class or any form of crime.

1485 – Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth and becomes King of England

1386 Heinrich Krämer and Jacob Sprenger publish Malleus maleficarum (“The Hammer of Witches”), a learned but misogynistic book blaming witchcraft chiefly on women. It was reprinted many times thanks to the newly-invented printing press and was a major influence on the witch-hunt hysteria of the next two centuries. It was regarded as the standard handbook on witchcraft until well into the 18th century.

• In their opinion, witchcraft was based upon sexual lust:
• All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which was in women insatiable.
• In an interesting twist, it was now declared that not believing in witches was heresy:
• A belief that there were such things as witches was so essential a part of Catholic faith that obstinately to maintain the opposite opinion savours of heresy.

1388
Papal Bull was issued, calling upon European nations to rescue the church
because it was “imperiled by the arts of Asmodeus.”

1390
King Charles VIII issued an edict against fortunetellers, enchanters, necromancers
and others engaging in any sort of witchcraft.

1392,
October 12 – Christopher Columbus begins his exploration of the New World.

1392:
Jews expelled from Spain.

1494
Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the
World outside of Europe between themselves. The Italian Wars begin. Italian
Wars will eventually lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states. Pope’s
ruling will lead to the division of Brazil and Spanish America, as well as
the formation of the Spanish Philippines and Portuguese colonies in India
and Africa.

1500 Late Middle Ages

The Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science. European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions. That continent began to exert political and cultural dominance over human societies around the planet.

1428 – Trial of Johannes Junius, mayor of Bamberg, for witchcraft.

1501
October 30 – The Banquet of Chestnuts is held by Cesare Borgia in the
Papal Palace of Rome.

1507
Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) The Mona Lisa (or La Joconde, La Gioconda).

1508 Mass witch trials in Biarn occurred.

1529 Inquisitorial witchcraft trials took place at Luxeuil.

1530s Prosecutions for witchcraft begin in Mexico.

1532 The penal code Carolina decrees that sorcery throughout the German empire should be treated as a criminal offence, and if it injured any person, the penalties of torture and death for the witch was to be burned at the stake.

1542 Henry VIII issued a statute against witchcraft.

1547 Repeal of statute of 1542 during the reign of Edward VI.

1557 – Toulouse witch trials took place, during which forty witches were condemned and burned.

1558 – England – Queen Elizabeth I accedes to the throne

1563 – Council of Trent resolved to win back Germany from Protestantism to the Catholic Church; intensification of religious struggles and persecutions results.

1566 – The first Chelmsford witch trials. This trial was the first to appear in a secular court in England and resulted in the first woman being hanged for witchcraft, Agnes Waterhouse. This trial also produced the first chapbook, or tabloid newspaper, relating to witchcraft.

1572 – The Protestant ruler of Saxony imposes the penalty of burning for witchcraft of every kind, including fortune-telling.

1579 – The Windsor witch trials; also the second Chelmsford trials.

1580 – Jean Bodin, a French judge, published Daemonomanie des Sorciers condemning witches. According to Bodin, those denying the existence of witches were actually
witches themselves.

1580-1630 – Period in which witch-hunts are most severe.

1582
St. Osyth Witches of Essex (case tried at Chelmsford).

1584
Miyamoto Musashi is born.

1589
England – Third Chelmsford witch trials.

1589
France- Fourteen convicted witches at Tours appealed to King Henry III, who
was in turn accused of protecting witches.

1590
William V began a witch hunt in Bavaria.

1590-91
Scotland – The North Berwick witch trials began when an alleged coven of witches
was exposed, resulting in Scotland’s most celebrated witch trials and executions.
King James VI (who became James I of England), a devout believer in witches,
even took part in the proceedings. The torture applied to the victims was
among the most brutal in Scotland’s entire history of witchcraft prosecution.

1592
Father Cornelius Loos wrote of those arrested and accused of witchcraft:

Wretched creatures were compelled by the severity of the torture to confess
things they have never done… and so by the cruel butchery innocent lives
were taken; and, by a new alchemy, gold and silver are coined from human blood.

1593 – Warboys witches of Huntingdon were put on trial.

1597 – Publication of Demonology by James VI of Scotland (later James I of England).

1604 – England – James I released his statute against witchcraft, in which he wrote that they were “loathe to confess without torture.”

1605 – Newspaper invented

1609 – In response to a witch panic in the Basque region, La Suprema (the ruling body of the Spanish Inquisition) issues an “Edict of Silence” forbidding
all discussion of witchcraft. For, as one inquisitor noted, “There were neither witches nor bewitched until they were talked and written about.”

1612 England – Lancashire witch trials.

1614 August – The trial of Elizabeth Bathory, believed responsible for the deaths of over 800 young girls.

1618 Start of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) during which the witch hunt throughoutGermany was at its height.

1620 – Case of the Bilson Boy (William Perry).

1625 – Start of general decline of witch trials in France.

1631 – Publication of Cautio Criminalis by Friedrich von Spee, opposing the witch hunt.

1632 Death of the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg marked the end of the persecutions in this principality (1609-1632).

1645 Case of the Faversham witches, Kent Witchfinder-general Matthew Hopkins and the Chelmsford (or Manningtree) witch trials.

1646 Death of Matthew Hopkins from tuberculosis.

1647 Publication of Discovery of Witches by Matthew Hopkins.

1647 First hanging for witchcraft in New England.

1649 Case of the St. Albans witches, Hertfordshire.

1652 “Dr. Lamb’s Darling”: the trial of Anne Bodenham and the trial of the Wapping Witch (Joan Peterson) near London.

1662 The Bury St. Edmunds witch trials.

1666 Great Fire of London Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September

1668-76 Outbreak of witch-hunts in Sweden.

1670 France- Rouen witch trials.

1674 Trial of Anne Foster in Northampton.

1679- 1682 The notorious Chanibre d’ardente affair: Louis XIV’s star chamber investigated poison plots and heared evidence of widespread corruption and witchcraft. More than 300 people were arrested and 36 executed. The affair ended with a royal edict which denied the reality of witchcraft and sorcery.

1688 Salem, Massachusetts. – The behavior of several children in the home of the Goodwin family in Boston results in the accusation, trial and execution of their Irish washerwoman, Ann Glover (also known as “Goody Glover”), for witchcraft.

1692 Between May and October, 19 people are tried and hanged as witches in Salem, Massachusetts.