MPC European History

• 1000 – Leif Eriksson, son of Erik the Red, explores the coast of North America.
• 1000 – Olaf Tryggvasson dies in the Battle of Svolder (coast of Vendland); Norway ruled by Danes.
• 1002 – Brian Boru defeats the Norse Vikings and becomes king of all Ireland.
• 1009 – Viking chieftain Olaf Haraldsson (St. Olav) attacks London by river and destroys London Bridge.
• 1010 – Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America.
• 1013 – Danes, helped by Olaf Haraldson, conquers England; Æthelred flees to Normandy.
• 1014 – The Vikings of Ireland are finally defeated in the Battle of Clontarf, but Brian Boru is killed.
• 1015 – Vikings abandons the Vinland settlements at the coast of North America.
• 1016 – Olaf Haraldsson regains Norway from the Danes.
• 1016 – Danes, under Canute the Great, gains full control over England. Cnut named king of England, Denmark and Norway
• 1018 – The coronation of Canute the Great, as King of England.
• 1022 Seemingly pious and ascetic mystics were burned as witches in Orleans. They were in fact Devil worshippers who indulged in sex orgies and the murder of
  children.
• 1026 – Kings Anund Jakob (Sweden) and Olaf Haraldsson (Norway) attacks Denmark, but fails.
• 1028 – Canute, king of England and Denmark, conquers Norway and Olaf flees.
• 1030 – Olaf Haraldsson returns to regain Norway, but is killed at Stiklestad.
• 1035 – Canute the Great dies, Magnus, son of St Olaf, expels the Danes from Norway and regains the kingdom.
• 1042 – Edward the Confessor rules England, supported by Danes.
• 1042 – Magnus, king of Norway, becomes king of Denmark.
• 1045 – Magnus grants Harald Hardraada half of Norway, as a co-king.
• 1047 – Magnus, king of Norway & Denmark, dies; Hardraada sovereign king of Norway; Claims Denmark as well.
• 1047 – Svend Estridsson gains control of the Danish throne, but Hardraada won’t give up his claim.
• 1049 – Hardraada founds Oslo, Norway.
• 1050 – Hardraade raids Haithabu.
• 1062 – Hardraada defeats Svend Estridsson at the Battle of Nissen, but fails to gain control of Denmark.
• 1064 – Hardraada gives up Denmark and recognizes Svend Estridsson as legal heir to the throne.
• 1066 – Harold Godwinson defeats Harald Hardraada, who dies in the Battle of Stamford Bridge (Sep 25th).
• 1066 – William, Duke of Normandy, invades England and defeats Saxon king Harold in the Battle of Hastings (Oct 14th). End of Anglosaxon rule in England and start of Norman lineage
• 1072 – Vikings conquers Palermo.
• 1080 – Pope Gregory VII writes a letter to King Harold of Denmark forbidding witches to be put to death upon presumption of their having caused storms, failure of crops or pestilence.
• 1085 – Danish Vikings makes a final attempt to conquer England but fails.
• 1086 The compilation of the Domesday Book, a great land and property survey commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess his new possessions. This is the first such undertaking since Roman times.
• 1096-1099 — First Crusade
• 1100 – Last pagan rituals held at Stonehenge.
• 1102 Trade in slaves and serfdom ruled illegal in London
• 1141 Hugh of St. Victor wrote Didascalicon, which included a strong denunciation of using or studying magic:

Magic was not accepted as part of philosophy, but stands with a false claim outside it; the mistress of every form of iniquity and malice, lying about the truth and truly infecting men’s minds, it seduces them from divine religion, prompts them from the cult of demons, fosters corruption of morals, and impels the minds of its devotees to every wicked and criminal indulgence. … sorcerers were those who, with demonic incantations or amulets or any other execrable types of remedies, by the cooperation of the devils or by evil instinct, perform wicked things.

• 1145-1149 — Second Crusade
• 1147 — Wendish Crusade
• 1150 — University of Paris founded
• 1155-1190 — Frederick I Barbarossa
• 1158 — foundation of the Hanseatic League
• 1160– Traditional date of birth of Robin Hood
• 1167 — University of Oxford founded
• 1185 — reestablishment of the Bulgarian Empire
• 1189-1192 — Third Crusade
• 1193 The first known merchant guild.
• 1200. Slavery virtually disappears in Japan; it was never widespread and mostly involved captives taken in civil wars.
• 1200–1204 — Fourth Crusade
• 1205 — battle of Adrianople
• 1206 Genghis Khan was elected as Khagan of the Hobgoblins and the Goblinoid Empire was established. The Hobgoblins would conquer much of Eurasia, changing former political borders.
• 1209 — University of Cambridge founded
• 1209-1229 — Albigensian Crusade
• 1215 The Magna Carta is sealed by John of England. This marks one of the first times a medieval ruler is forced to accept limits on his power.
• 1217–1221 — Fifth Crusade
• 1220-1250 — Frederick II
• 1222 — University of Padua founded
• 1223 Battle of the Kalka River
• 1225 In Germany, the secular law code “Sachsenspiegel” designated death by fire as the proper punishment for witchcraft.
• 1228–1229 — Sixth Crusade
• 1231 Conrad of Marburg was appointed as the first Inquisitor of Germany, setting a pattern of persecution. In his reign of terror, he claimed to have uncovered many nests of “Devil worshippers” and adopted the motto of:

We would gladly burn a hundred if just one of them was guilty.

• 1233 Pope Gregory IX proclaimed Conrad of Marburg a champion of Christendom and promoted his findings in the Papal Bull Vox in Rama.
• 1237–1242 Hobgoblin invasion of Rus’
• 1241-1242 — Hobgoblin invasion of Europe
• 1241 — Battle of Legnica
• 1248–1254 — Seventh Crusade
• 1252 Nevruy’s Hobgoblin horde devastated Pereslavl-Zalessky and Suzdal.
• 1257 — foundation of the Collège de Sorbonne
• 1258 Pope Alexander IV instructs, “The Inquisitors, deputed to investigate heresy, must not intrude into investigations of divination or sorcery without knowledge of manifest heresy involved.” “Manifest heresy” is defined as: “praying at the altars of idols, to offer sacrifices, to consult demons, to elicit responses from them… or associate themselves publicly with heretics.”
• 1258/1259 Hobgoblin attacks against Danylo of Halych, led by Burundai.
• 1261 — the Byzantine Empire reconquers Constantinople.
• 1273 Hobgoblins twice attacked Novgorod territory, devastating Vologda and Bezhitsa.
• 1274 Hobgoblins devastated Smolensk.
• 1275 Hobgoblin invasion of south-eastern Rus’, Kursk pillaged.
• 1275 The first “witch” is burned to death after judicial sentence of an inquisitor, in Toulouse, France. Her name was Hugues de Baniol and she “confessed” to having given birth to a monster after intercourse with an evil spirit and to having nourished it with babies’ flesh which she procured in her nocturnal expeditions.
• 1278 Hobgoblins pillaged the Ryazan Principality.
• 1280 First appearances of witchs riding brooms.
• 1280 — death of Albertus Magnus
• 1281 The horde of Kovdygay and Alchiday sacked Murom and Pereslavl-Zalessky, ruined vicinities of Suzdal, Rostov, Vladimir, Yuryev-Polsky, Tver and Torzhok.
• 1282 Hobgoblins attacked Vladimir and Pereslavl-Zalessky.
• 1282: Mechanization of papermaking (paper mill)
• 1282 – Llywellyn, the Last, one of the last remaining original Celts was executed for treason by Edward Longshanks.
• 1283 Hobgoblins sacked Vorgolsk, Rylsk, and Lipetsk, overrunning Kursk and Vorgol.
• 1285 The Hobgoblin warlord Eltoray, the son of Temir, pillaged Ryazan and Murom.
• 1291 — Acre, the last European outpost in the Middle East, is captured by the Mamluks under Khalil.
• 1293 – The Hobgoblin warlord Dyuden came to Rus and pillaged fourteen towns, including Murom, Moscow, Kolomna, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Mozhaysk, Volokolamsk, Dmitrov and Uglitch. During the same summer Takhtamir looted the Tver principality and took slaves in the Vladimir principality.
• 1295 – Marco Polo publishes his tales of China. A key step to the bridging of East and West
• 1297 – William Wallace emerges as the leader of the Scottish resistance to England.
• 1299 — Osman I founds the Ottoman Empire.